JavaScript Math Object

The JavaScript Math object enables you to perform mathematical operations with numbers.

Example

Math.PI;

The Math Object

Unlike many other objects in JavaScript, the Math object does not have a constructor and is static.

This means all its methods and properties can be accessed directly without needing to create an instance of the Math object.

Math Properties (Constants)

JavaScript offers 8 mathematical constants accessible through Math properties, using the syntax: Math.property.

Example

Math.E        // returns Euler’s number Math.PI       // returns PI Math.SQRT2    // returns the square root of 2 Math.SQRT1_2  // returns the square root of 1/2 Math.LN2      // returns the natural logarithm of 2 Math.LN10     // returns the natural logarithm of 10 Math.LOG2E    // returns base 2 logarithm of E Math.LOG10E   // returns base 10 logarithm of E

Math Methods

The syntax for any Math method is: Math.method(number).

Number to Integer

There are four commonly used methods to round a number to an integer.

Math.round(x)	Returns x rounded to the nearest integer.
Math.ceil(x)	Returns x rounded up to the nearest integer.
Math.floor(x)	Returns x rounded down to the nearest integer.
Math.trunc(x)	Returns the integer part of x (introduced in ES6).

Math.round()

Math.round(x) calculates and returns the nearest integer to x.

Example

Math.round(4.6);

Math.round(4.5);

Math.round(4.4);

Math.ceil()

Math.ceil(x) returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Example

Math.ceil(4.9); Math.ceil(4.7); Math.ceil(4.4); Math.ceil(4.2); Math.ceil(-4.2);

Math.floor()

Math.floor(x) returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.

Example

Math.floor(4.9); Math.floor(4.7); Math.floor(4.4); Math.floor(4.2); Math.floor(-4.2);

Math.trunc()

Math.trunc(x) returns the integer part of x by removing any fractional digits.

Example

Math.trunc(4.9); Math.trunc(4.7); Math.trunc(4.4); Math.trunc(4.2); Math.trunc(-4.2);

Math.sign()

Math.sign(x) returns -1 if x is negative, 0 if x is zero, and 1 if x is positive.

Example

Math.sign(-4); Math.sign(0); Math.sign(4);

Math.pow()

Math.pow(x, y) calculates and returns the value of x raised to the power of y.

Example

Math.pow(8, 2);

Math.sqrt()

Math.sqrt(x) computes and returns the square root of x.

Example

Math.sqrt(64);

Math.abs()

Math.abs(x) returns the absolute value of x, which is always non-negative.

Example

Math.abs(-4.7);

Math.sin()

Math.sin(x) returns the sine of the angle x, where x is given in radians and the result is between -1 and 1.

To use degrees instead of radians, convert degrees to radians using the formula:

Angle in radians = Angle in degrees × PI / 180.

Example

Math.sin(90 * Math.PI / 180);     // returns 1 (the sine of 90 degrees)

Math.cos()

Math.cos(x) returns the cosine of the angle x, where x is given in radians and the result is between -1 and 1.

To use degrees instead of radians, convert degrees to radians using this formula:

Angle in radians = Angle in degrees × PI / 180.

Example

Math.cos(0 * Math.PI / 180);     // returns 1 (the cos of 0 degrees)

Math.min() and Math.max()

Math.min() and Math.max() are used to determine the smallest or largest value among a set of arguments.

Example

Math.min(0, 150, 30, 20, –8, –200);

Example

Math.max(0, 150, 30, 20, –8, –200);

Math.random()

Math.random() generates and returns a random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).

Example

Math.random();

In the next chapter of this tutorial, you will delve deeper into Math.random().

The Math.log() Method

Math.log(x) returns the natural logarithm of $x$.

The natural logarithm represents the time required to reach a certain level of growth.

Example

Math.log(1);

Math.log(2);

Math.log(3);

Math.E and Math.log() are closely related.

How many times must we multiply Math.E to reach 10?

Math.log(10);

The Math.log2() Method

Math.log2(x) calculates and returns the logarithm base 2 of x.

To reach 8, how many times must we multiply 2?

Math.log2(8);

The Math.log10() Method

Math.log10(x) computes and returns the logarithm base 10 of x.

To reach 1000, how many times must we multiply 10?

Math.log10(1000);

JavaScript Math Methods

Method	Description
abs(x)	Bring back the absolute value of x.
acos(x)	Bring back the arccosine of x, in radians
acosh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic arccosine of x
asin(x)	Bring back the arcsine of x, in radians
asinh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic arcsine of x
atan(x)	Bring back the arctangent of x as a numeric value between -PI/2 and PI/2 radians
atan2(y, x)	Bring back the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments
atanh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic arctangent of x
cbrt(x)	Bring back the cubic root of x
ceil(x)	Bring back x, rounded upwards to the nearest integer
cos(x)	Bring back the cosine of x (x is in radians)
cosh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic cosine of x
exp(x)	Bring back the value of Ex
floor(x)	Bring back x, rounded downwards to the nearest integer
log(x)	Bring back the natural logarithm (base E) of x
max(x, y, z, …, n)	Bring back the number with the highest value
min(x, y, z, …, n)	Bring back the number with the lowest value
pow(x, y)	Bring back the value of x to the power of y
random()	Bring back a random number between 0 and 1
round(x)	Bring back x to the nearest integer
sign(x)	Bring back if x is negative, null or positive (-1, 0, 1)
sin(x)	Bring back the sine of x (x is in radians)
sinh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic sine of x
sqrt(x)	Bring back the square root of x
tan(x)	Bring back the tangent of an angle
tanh(x)	Bring back the hyperbolic tangent of a number
trunc(x)	Bring back the integer part of a number (x)